What is Earmark Spending in the US Congress

Earmark spending; also called pork barrel spending, is funding inserted into the annual federal budget by individual legislators in the U.S. Congress for special projects or purposes of interest to their constituents. Gaining the approval of earmark spending projects typically helps the sponsoring legislator earn the votes of his or her constituents. The Government’s Definition of Earmark Spending A 2006 report from the Congressional Research Service (CRS), the research arm of Congress, on earmark spending noted that there was no single accepted â€Å"definition of the term earmark accepted by all practitioners and observers of the appropriations process†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However, the CRS did conclude that two types of earmarks were common: hard earmarks, or â€Å"hardmarks,† found in the actual text of legislation, and soft earmarks, or â€Å"softmarks,† found in the reports of  congressional committees  on legislation. Appearing in enacted laws, hard earmark spending provisions are legally binding, while soft earmarks are not legally binding, they are often treated as if they were during the  legislative process. According to the CRS, the most commonly accepted definition of earmark spending is, â€Å"Provisions associated with legislation (appropriations or general legislation) that specify certain congressional spending priorities or in revenue bills that apply to a very limited number of individuals or entities. Earmarks may appear in either the legislative text or report language (committee reports accompanying reported bills and joint explanatory statement accompanying a conference report).† Often tucked as amendments into the larger annual appropriations bills of the federal budget, earmark spending projects often come under criticism as being rushed through Congress without the full debate and scrutiny devoted to the larger parent bill. Perhaps most significantly, earmark spending often results in the expenditure of large sums of taxpayer money to help a limited number of people. For example, in 2005, $223 million was earmarked by the Senate Committee on Appropriations chair Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) to build a bridge to connect an Alaskan town of 8,900 to an island with a population of 50, saving a short ferry ride. Creating an uncharacteristic uproar in the Senate, the earmark nicknamed the Bridge to Nowhere, was removed from the spending bill. Criteria to be Considered Earmark Spending To be classified as an earmark spending, at least one of the following should apply: The requested funding is not specifically authorized as necessary for the basic operations of the government in the annual budget.The funding is requested by only one chamber of Congress.The funding was not included in the Presidents Budget Request.The funding results in a substantial increase over the amounts projected in the presidents budget.The funding is for a project that will benefit a small population or a narrow special interest. Financial Impacts of Earmark Spending Unlike Sen. Stevens Bridge to Nowhere, many earmarks make it into the approved budget. In 2005 alone, over 14,000 earmark projects, costing about $27 billion were approved by Congress. The House Appropriations Committee receives about 35,000 earmark spending requests per year. In the ten-year period from 2000 through 2009, the U.S. Congress approved earmark spending projects worth about $208 billion. Attempts to Control Earmark Spending Over the past several years, several members of Congress have attempted to rein in earmark spending. In December of 2006, the Chairs of the Senate and House Appropriations Committee, Senator Robert Byrd (D-West Virginia) and Representative David Obey (D-Wisconsin, 7th), with the support of incoming Speaker of the House Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-California), vowed to put into place reforms to the federal budget process designed to bring transparency and openness to earmark spending.Under the Obey-Byrd plan, legislators sponsoring each earmark project would be publicly identified. In addition, the draft copies of all bills or amendments to bills proposing earmark spending would be made available to the public -- before any votes were taken -- at every stage of the legislative process, including the  committee consideration and approval process.During 2007, earmark spending dropped to $13.2 billion, a significant decrease from the $29 billion spent in 2006. In 2007, nine of the 11 annual s pending bills were subject to a moratorium on earmark spending that was enforced by House and Senate Appropriations Committee under the chairmanship of Sen. Byrd and Rep. Obey. In 2008, however, a similar moratorium proposal failed and earmark spending jumped to $17.2 billion. Earmark Spending in 2018 According to the independent watchdog group Citizens Against Government Waste, 232 earmark spending provisions were approve in the Fiscal Year 2018 federal budget, a 42.3 percent increase over the 163 in FY 2017. The cost to taxpayers of earmark spending in FY 2018 was $14.7 billion, an increase of 116.2 percent from the $6.8 billion in FY 2017. Since FY 1991, Congress has approved 110,861 earmark spending projects, costing a combined $344.5 billion. Earmark Spending Fast Facts Earmark spending or â€Å"pork barrel† spending is generally considered to be any request for funding added to the annual budget of the federal government by members of Congress to pay for projects of interest only to the residents of their state or congressional district.Lawmakers typically see gaining the approval of their pet earmark spending projects as a â€Å"feather in their political caps† helping them win the future votes of their constituents.Earmark spending is often added into lager annual general appropriations bills in the form of amendments.Earmark spending is often criticized as being rushed through Congress without adequate consideration, and for spending large amounts of taxpayer money on only a few citizens.

Steve Jobs Biography - 1013 Words

Eric Munoz J. Alicata 10/17/12 ITEC 1700 Steve Jobs Steve Jobs might be one of the most creative and innovative inventors of our generation. His advances for Apple Inc. have put the company on top. With over 300, (313 to be exact) patents under his belt, there is no one that could beat him in our modern day. Job’s was an American entrepreneur and inventor. You might know him as the Chief Executive Officer of Apple Inc., however he was also the chairman, and one of the co-founders. He was mostly recognized through Apple Inc. as the â€Å"charismatic† pioneer of the personal computer revolution and for his inspirational involvement in the consumer electronics and computer field. Also, unbeknownst to most, Jobs was also a co-founder and†¦show more content†¦During his years with Next Inc. Jobs had made many technological advances after getting funding of a billionaire Ross Perot. In 1986, Jobs bought the Graphic Group, which he would later rename Pixar, from the computer graphics division of Lucasfilmâ €™s for ten million dollars. The first film produced by the partnership was Toy Story in 1995, with Jobs credited as the executive producer, and would later be followed a massive amount of hit animated movies. In 1996, Apple announced that they would buy Next Inc., bringing jobs back to Apple Inc. Then in 2011 Jobs had resigned as the CEO of Apple but still stayed with the company as chairman of the company’s boards. Jobs design aesthetic for his inventions was mainly influenced by his seven month spiritual journey in India and the Buddhist teachings that he had followed. He is listed as either primary Inventor or co-inventor in 342 United States patents or patent applications. Even while terminally ill in the hospital, Jobs sketched new devices that would hold the iPad in a hospital bed. He also hated having the oxygen monitor placed on his finger and suggested ways to revise the design for simplicity. Jobs had died in his California home around 3pm on October 5th, 2011 due to complications from his cancer. He had lost consciousness the previous day and passed with his wife, children, and sister at his side. Apple Inc., Pixar Studios, and Walt Disney World and Land all had there flags flyingShow MoreRelatedBiographies Of Individual Business Entrepreneur Steve Jobs1423 Words   |  6 PagesBiographies of Individual Business Entrepreneur Steve Jobs I. Introduction Steve Jobs (1955-2011), the celebrated founder of Apple Inc., was the Da Vinci, Edison, and Tesla of our time. Jobs entrepreneurial spirit pushed our technology to such levels as to integrate it into our daily lives; jobs were an innovator. Some called him a perfectionist, micro-managing freak, a tyrant, a genius. All blended into a singular, compact individual whose handiwork included the personal computer, the mouse, theRead MoreEssay about Steve Jobs Biography Summary7096 Words   |  29 PagesChildhood: Abandoned and Chosen Steve Jobs was the natural-born son of John Jandali and Joanne Schieble. Jandali was a teaching assistant from Syria and Joanne was a Catholic girl from Wisconsin whose parents disapproved of her relationship with a Muslim. Unable to wed, they gave their baby up for adoption and baby Steve was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs of San Francisco, California. Paul Jobs was an engine technician turned car mechanic, and he introduced Steve to the world of engineering and designRead MoreWalter Isaacson s Biography Of Steve Jobs Without Feeling As If One Grew Up With Him940 Words   |  4 Pages It’s difficult to read Walter Isaacson’s biography of Steve Jobs without feeling as if one grew up with him. 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However, there was a brief period where Jobs was banished from his own company in 1985, after he had a power struggle with the board of directors at Apple. At that point, even though he had lost it all, Jobs kept moving forward and createdRead MoreThe Great Salesman Steve Jobs Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Salesman Steve Jobs Rachel L. Kaczkowski Mississippi College Author’s Note Rachel L. Kaczkowski. Department of Business, Mississippi College. Correspondence concerning this biography should be addressed to Rachel Kaczkowski at Rkaczkowski@mc.edu. Abstract This biography explores the life of Steve Jobs. It goes into detail about the beginning of his life and what led him to be the man that changed the technological world. The main topic of this biography is to show the timeline

Travelling Vacations vs. Staycations - 683 Words

Travelling Vacations vs. Staycations Rating: 5.0 Staycations have in the past few years become the most popular alternative to vacation travelling. No wonder: staying at home for the holidays is cheaper, safer and easier. So, it only stands to reason that back-porch vacations and poolside holidays are becoming the new trend for middle-class Americans, especially in light of the recent economic crisis. However, there are some very specific reasons why travelling will always remain a better alternative, despite the cost issues and any possible inconveniences. First of all, travelling involves experiencing with your own senses: seeing, touching, hearing and smelling the new, unusual and unique atmosphere of places you visit while on†¦show more content†¦Sometimes, a vacation to a place you have never been before or know very little about can do a lot more than just broaden your knowledge and inspire new emotions. It can change your whole life perspective and cause you to revise your life values. So, no wonder that a lot of people return from vacations as completely new persons and never come back to their old lifestyles. Finally, travelling means meeting new people. Unlike staycations, that normally evolve around the same group of people you are already on good terms with, travelling brings together at times absolutely different people, from various cultures and backgrounds. Travelling is always a chance to get to know others better and to learn to adjust to new traditions and other people’s lifestyle. While on the road, you can meet someone you would never get a chance to meet if you stayed within your comfort zone, at home or with a group of people you’ve known for ages already. Travelling is always a chance to make new friends and change the cycle of the everyday routine that you’ve gotten trapped in over the years. All in all, there is always a place for discussion of whether travelling is worth the money you will spend on it or is it simply better to save up, spend your vacation at home and stay within your comfort zone. Sure, travelling may seem like a challenge – it needs a great deal of planning, a decent budget, and a certain enthusiasm and willingness toShow MoreRelatedConsumer Lifestyle in Singapore35714 Words   |  143 Pages25 Chart 9 Chart 10 Per Capita Consumption of Alcoholic Drinks and Soft Drinks by Category 2011............................................................................................ 25 Regional Ranking of Alcoholic Drinks Consumption: Off-trade vs Ontrade 2011 .................................................................................................. 26 Grooming Habits ....................................................................................................................Read MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesnecklaces instead of money, songs and dances, shows, sports events with medals and so on. Stories. The origins (Blitz and Trigano), the first tent village in Alcà ºdia, former GOs who became artists or television hosts. The 1978 motion picture French Fried Vacation, even if it was not located in a Club Med village, typified the Club Med spirit. Its soundtrack, ‘Sea, Sex Sun’, written and performed by Serge Gainsbourg, encapsulated most of Club Med’s beliefs. 76  © Pearson Education Limited 2011 †¢ †¢ †¢

Globalization and Education for Interconnectedness- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGlobalization and Education for Global Interconnectedness. Answer: Introduction Globalization is transforming higher education systems, policies and institutions that re deepening, broadening and speeding up of global interconnectedness. Higher education has always been more globally open than majority of the other sectors due to its involvement in knowledge that never displayed much of respect for juridical borders. It has now become key to the changes sweeping across emerging countries where global networking and exchange is reshaping economic, social and cultural life. In global knowledge economies, as mediums the higher education institutions are more significant than ever for broader range of across border relations and constant international flows of information, technologies, knowledge, people, products and financial wealth. Looking into the past of formal education in India, it can be seen that it was in the budding stage and it was measured as a missionary action. The originators of the then educational institutes were freedom fighters, educationalist a nd social reformers. With the advent of globalization, many grant-in-aid institutes got on track with the purpose of offering mass education. The number of institutes rose that were offering primary, secondary and tertiary education even in isolated areas. This kind of advanced growth ultimately directed to the rise in number of State and Central Universities (Mitchell Nielsen, 2012). Discussion Globalization and its impact on education As per Altbach, P. G. (2004). Globalisation and the university: Myths and realities in an unequal world.Tertiary Education Management,10(1), 3-25, the effect of globalization on higher education, much has been said and discussed. There are arguments that globalization, the scientific community and the internet would be leveling the playing turf in the new age of knowledge interdependence. Some of the others have made claims that globalization implies both global disparity and the McDonaldisation of the Universities. It has been contended that every one of the current burdens on the higher education, from the growth of the private sector to the pressures of massification, are the outcomes of globalization. In all these hypotheses there is a grain of truth - a large amount of misunderstanding as well. The main determination of Altbach in composing this essay was unpacking the realisms of globalization and internationalization in higher education and for highlighting some of the differ ent methods by which globalization influences the universities. The most special thing discussed in this essay is the way globalization affects higher education in developing countries, especially those countries who would possibly face the substance of higher education growth in the upcoming periods. The essay also suggests that the globalized higher education periphery is extremely uneven. Focusing just on the developing nations and the reduced academic systems instantly advances the specter of disparity. Altbach suggest that globalization has made the access open and made it easier for both the students and the scholars for studying and working anywhere. However, in many cases the existent disparities are simply strengthened and new barricades get created. The most powerful of institutions have at all times conquered the generation and circulation of knowledge, while the weaker systems and institutions with lesser capitals and lesser academic values have inclination of following in their wake. In higher education and science globalization is unavoidable. Modern technology, the rising ease in communication, in internet, the flow of students and extremely educated workforce across borders helps develop globalization. In the 21st century, no academic system would be having the capability of existing by itself. The challenge is of recognizing the complicacies and the gradations of the modern context and then seeking the creation of a global academic situation that identifies the requirements for ensuring that academic associations are as similar as possible. The first step is recognition of inequality, the second is creation of a world that perfects these inequalities. It has been mentioned by Cantwell, B., Maldonado?Maldonado, A. (2009). Four stories: Confronting contemporary ideas about globalisation and internationalisation in higher education.Globalisation, Societies and Education,7(3), 289-306, that in higher education scholarship there exists a common difference between globalization and internationalization. Globalization has been considered as an overarching economic and social procedure in which internationalization is comprehended as the approaches in which higher education institutions react to globalization. This theoretical difference has even worked their way into the rehearsal of university management all over the world. With the help of the theoretic work of Foucalt and Giddiness, this beginning of the outcomes of globalization or internationalization distinction is assessed with the help of four of higher accounts schooling policies. In higher education, globalization has been specifically differentiated from internationalization. In this difference, globalization is something happening to universities and internationalization is the way these universities are responding. Globalization is the amalgamation of the exogenous forces that are putting a pressure on higher education, while internationalization is the specific display of cross border communications that have been assumed by institutions as reactions to being pushed. There is an assumption that globalization in an automatic manner drives universities and their components, across boundaries places higher education as completely responsive. There is also another assumption that rationality is uncertain. Universities are not any kind of comprehensible associations whose activities can be shaped by superintendents in accordance with a superior logic. Instead they are roughly strung organizations that at the same time move into numerous directions at diverse paces and with differing objects. Embedded inside the globalization or internationalization differ ence is the assumption that universities have the capability of exercising complete self-determination in the way of their internationalization. This kind of supposition is limited for two different reasons: in the first place, it is in contradiction with the internal logic of the globalization or internationalization difference if the institutes get compelled for responding to globalization by means of internationalization, the options of doing nothing is completely excluded, and the next reason is the supposition of independence ignoring the generative inclination of social stratification. In this article, the four stories that was analyzed gave the result that in each of the scenario, the global has been conceptualized as being external and globally transcendent and extending beyond, where on the other hand, the local is comprehended as something subordinate and particular to the global. As globalization has been comprehended as an active set of procedures are the global and loc al communicate in a complicated manner, the creation and restoration of social structure becomes hard. The future research must be considering the association among practice and the conceptualization of global procedures. The influence of globalization on higher education may be condensed in the going with ways: Increasing energy of gatekeepers to get their adolescents permitted in foreign educational institutes will cost important foreign exchange. Sometimes there is more over the probability of sub-standard courses being offered to the understudies, which may provoke hoodwinking of unadulterated locals of India. It will incite the development of three extraordinary classes of graduates those whose education is in foreign universities, those from expensive private domestic institutes, and those from monetarily weaker zones analyzing in government funded institutions. This will simply provoke social weights. In context of the possibility of the globalized higher education, the commoditization of Indian higher education will without a doubt have adverse influence our lifestyle, the ethos of social wellbeing and even the idea of Indian learning structure. One influence of globalization on education is the genuineness to advance a capable workforce at all stages to come across the solicitations of growing business condition. In its place of its standard piece of giving education as a wellbeing degree, the state is prerequisite to empower privatization and deregulation in education, mainly as the idea of education gave by the state institutes has been to some degree poor. This is by no resources whatsoever, tragic, as privatization of education has extended sum and what's more quality. Profiteering is an undesirable factor; however, its insidiousness is consistently adjusted by the propitious and capable use of human capacity to make power far and wide. Indians searching for employment and fighting viably is no momentum wonder. Globalization has essentially hurried the pace of development and improved placements around the globe (Singh, 2016). Globalization - challenge or opportunity Globalization poses two long term and strategic questions to higher education system i. commodification, which is the usage of knowledge as a form of saleable and purchasable good, and ii. Alternate providers, which possesses revenue object of higher educations scene which are involved in the communication of knowledge with the help of Information and Communication Technologies. Displacement and reinterpretation of knowledge raises basic questions to the Universities, even more in the areas of academic freedom and autonomy. They even poses questions in regards to the very objects of higher education systems that are in terms of their ethical responsibility for making knowledge easily accessible for those who ask for it. It is apprehensive that globalization might herald a fundamental alteration in the very character that the universities have to show in the society. Describing universities just as service benefactors and then altering their responsibilities for the society for much shorter advances might in the long run distort the very objects with which they were recognized. Globalization undercurrents are without doubt a challenge and an opportunity at the same time (Singh, 2012). Today higher education, with or without globalization, is no more restricted by geographical limitations. Advanced forms of transnational and translocation education have developed a prospect. Few models for example include, multi campus institutions, virtual universities amalgamation of part studies for combining into a complete thing for procurement of national plus international degrees, internet based distance education, distance learning, off campus education, and franchised institutions learning centers offering university degree. As far as concerning higher education, a well informed and enthused student has multiple options, for the first time in the account of education, for accessing to a worldwide marketplace. However, the situation is that this admission continues just as availability (Singh, 2012). Key challenges of globalisation Regulatory structure: The not-for-profit need has restricted corporate incorporation, achieving high fragmentation and the space being overpowered by minimal regional chain which are not professionally directed. Nature of education: While private sector establishments have created at a fast pace over the span of the latest decade, nature of education transported is up 'til now doubtful in various private institutions. The University affiliation structure imposes central prospectus rules; while this has enforced a base custom of prospectus to some degree, this has also delayed movement of invigorated or isolated course aids by private schools. Nonattendance of vocational bias: Indian higher education till now does not have a vocational bias with an immense degree of understudies so far registering when all is said in done courses that don't give work arranged training. Industry enthusiasm for vocationally trained individuals is provoking brisk advancement is more industry applicable courses and specialized education. Inadequacy of particularly competent and competent teachers: Accessibility of skilled trainers is a major test in the higher education bit and obstructs nature of education transported. Purposes behind the insufficiency consolidate low salaries and openness of higher paying decisions for competent specialists. There is also at present no training summoned to overhaul correspondence or teaching aptitudes for school coaches, only a higher doctoral degree over the traverse of teaching is compulsory. Low admittance to understudy loans: The education loan market has been mounting swiftly yet in the meantime cooks for the most part just to understudies choosing in driving saw institutes. With the colossal addition in fees found in the space in latest five years, less requesting admittance to understudy credit is transforming into a requirement for a tremendous degree of understudies. Prerequisite for checks and controls against demonstrations of disregard: Private investment aids balance the funding crush in the educational structures yet could impact the convenience of inferior income social events to education. Moreover, the privatization of practical and professional education has furthermore raised issues, for instance, the certified absence of establishment, technical bent and teaching workplaces. Controls of secretive observes in private institutions strengthen the prerequisite for real control, straightforward systems and the management of private education. Bent overhaul: Scarcity of trainers and ICT based interface are most probably going to test classroom-based coaching models. Private players are depended upon to concentrate on technical education and pre-schools. In like manner, the channel among official education and the market's bent prerequisites is motivating enthusiasm for vocational education and capacity headway services (Stromquist Monkman, 2014). Apprehensions regarding globalization As seen, globalization is proved to be both an opportunity and a threat. The issue remains regarding: The quality of universities in India at the time when cream of students and the staff chooses for global opportunities The option that universities would take for the poor who are incapable of affording the global selections The benchmarks of universities and the capability of competing with the global market. The universities would be raising the benchmarks and employing all those business actions for attracting foreign students at Indian universities. The political difficulties intruding on the higher education system and the probabilities under any given situations. The superior resource situation and their influence on the infrastructural, library and workshop situations The computer services and internet admittance are just few to be cited (Maringe Sing, 2014). For converting the threats of globalization into opportunities it is necessary that concentration is given to: Urbanizing rural areas, like providing all those amenities to the rural mass Equalizing access and opportunities Nationalizing previous to globalization Decentralizing power to the stakeholders Qualifying of existing institutions for the global standards (Smith, 2015) Pathways to a global future Undoubtedly, even a ludicrous confident individual can't avoid the chance to be debilitated by the various issues going up against the Indian higher education structure. The condition is also caught by the inflexibilities of India's united higher education organization, the political weights on higher education institutions and the creating issue of debasement in various parts of university life (e.g., affirmations, examinations, headways). If India needs to ascend as preferred range for higher education in the globalizing scene it should develop a national way to deal with address the troubles of sub-standard quality, deficient structures of monitoring and control, red-tapism being developed and progression and political check (Gibb, Haskins Robertson, 2012). A segment of the actions prescribed by masters to satisfy this are: Liberalize and decontrol the education structure, Disallow higher education, give institutional independence and reorganize syllabus design Alter the Governments into helping and supervising with the help of agreeable managerial measures Advancement of teacher training, system and syllabus Conclusion Globalization is depended upon to affect the volume, quality and spread of learning through extended relationship among the diverse states. Globalization prompts troubles and risks in addition. The genuine concern is to pass on world class education with shielded educational projects and down to earth presentation. This is possible just by attracting skilled and experienced individuals in to scholastics. At demonstration it is hard to review the character and estimations of globalization, and also what it expects to the field of education. References Altbach, P. G. (2004). Globalisation and the university: Myths and realities in an unequal world.Tertiary Education Management,10(1), 3-25. Amandeep, Karamveer Kaur Brarb (2016), Impact of Liberalization and Globalization on Higher Education, Amandeep, Karamveer Kaur Brar, International Journal of Emerging Research in Management Technology ISSN: 2278-9359 (Volume-5, Issue-1). Cantwell, B., Maldonado?Maldonado, A. (2009). Four stories: Confronting contemporary ideas about globalisation and internationalisation in higher education.Globalisation, Societies and Education,7(3), 289-306. Gibb, A., Haskins, G., Robertson, I. (2012). Leading the entrepreneurial university: Meeting the entrepreneurial development needs of higher education institutions. InUniversities in change(pp. 9-45). Springer New York. Maringe, F., Sing, N. (2014). Teaching large classes in an increasingly internationalising higher education environment: pedagogical, quality and equity issues.Higher Education,67(6), 761-782. Mitchell, D. E., Nielsen, S. Y. (2012). Internationalization and globalization in higher education. InGlobalization-education and management agendas. InTech. Singh, M. K. (2012). Challenges of globalization on Indian higher education.Apeejay-Stya Education Research Foundation, New Delhi. Accessed on,29. Singh, S. (2016). Impact of Globalization on Higher Education in India: Issues, Challenges and Alternatives.The International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 3, Issue 2, No. 4, 24. Smith, D. G. (2015).Diversity's promise for higher education: Making it work. JHU Press. Stromquist, N. P., Monkman, K. (Eds.). (2014).Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures. RL Education.